Publications & research

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The Bulindi Chimpanzee and Community Project (BCCP) has its origins in anthropological research into the chimpanzee–human interface by Dr Matt McLennan and colleagues, including a long-term study of the chimpanzees of Bulindi, which began in 2006.  Research by Dr Matt and BCCP-affiliated colleagues and students has generated a series of scientific articles exploring chimpanzee behaviour and human–chimpanzee interactions in Bulindi and elsewhere in the region.

 

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Below is a list of published articles about the chimpanzees of Bulindi, as well as articles concerning the broader population of ‘village chimpanzees’ in nearby areas. Some of these articles are free to download from the publisher’s website; others are subscription-only. If you’re unable to access an article, please visit Dr Matt McLennan's ResearchGate page or contact us, and we’ll gladly send you a PDF version.

Running the risk: road-crossing behavior in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in an anthropogenic habitat in Uganda

Tellier, M., Druelle, F., Cibot, M., Baruzaliire, J., Sabiiti, T., & McLennan, M. R. (2025). American Journal of Primatology, 87(2), e70000.

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Pediatric respiratory pathogens circulate in children and adults in communities near susceptible wild great ape populations in Uganda

Tusiime, P., Weary, T., Pappas, T., Tuhaise, S., Akankwasa, J.W., Sempebwa, D., Otali, E., Asiimwe, C., McLennan, M.R., Kalema-Zikusoka, G., Ross, E., Gern, J., & Goldberg, T. (2024). Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 2024(1), 1771163.

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Future coexistence with great apes will require major changes to policy and practice

Mitani, J. C., Abwe, E., Campbell, G., Giles-Vernick, T., Goldberg, T., McLennan, M. R., Preuschoft, S., Supriatna, J., & Marshall, A. J. (2024). Nature Human Behaviour, 8(April 2024), 632-643.

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Primate conservation in shared landscapes

Bersacola, E., Hockings, K. J., Harrison, M. E., Imron, M. A., Bessa, J., Ramon, M., de Barros, A. R., Jaló, M., Sanhá, A., Ruiz-Miranda, C. R., Ferraz, L. P., Talebi, M. & McLennan, M. R. (2023). In: T. McKinney, S. Waters, M. A. Rodrigues (eds) Primates in Anthropogenic Landscapes (pp. 161-181). Springer, Cham.

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Infectious diseases in primates in human-impacted landscapes

Ramon, M., McLennan, M. R., Ruiz-Miranda, C. R., Kalema-Zikusoka, G., Bessa, J., Bersacola, E., Sanhá, A., Jaló, M., de Barros, A. R., Leendertz, F. H. & Hockings, K. J. (2023). In: T. McKinney, S. Waters, M. A. Rodrigues (eds) Primates in Anthropogenic Landscapes (pp. 139-160). Springer, Cham.

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Narratives of positionality in primatology: foreign/range–country collaborator perspectives from Africa and South America

Rodrigues, M.A., Kiiza, V., McLennan, M.R., Mendes, S.L., & Strier, K.B. (2022). International Journal of Primatology, 43(6), 1133-1158.

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The primate gut mycobiome-bacteriome interface is impacted by environmental and subsistence factors

Sharma, A.K., Davison, S., Pafco, B., Clayton, J.B., Rothman, J.M., McLennan, M.R., Cibot, M., Fuh, T., Vodicka, R., Robinson, C.J., & Petrzelkova, K. (2022). npj Biofilms and Microbiomes , 8(1), 12. 

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Sex-specific responses to anthropogenic risk shape wild chimpanzee social networks in a human-Impacted landscape

Satsias, Z.M., Silk, M.J., Hockings, K.J., Cibot, M., Rohen, J., & McLennan, M.R. (2022). Animal Behaviour, 186, 29–40.

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Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) adapt their nesting behavior after large-scale forest clearance and community decline

van Dijk, K., Cibot, M. & McLennan, M.R. (2021). American Journal of Primatology, 83(10), e23323.

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Use of a novel human object as a masturbatory tool by a wild male chimpanzee at Bulindi, Uganda

McLennan, M.R. & van Dijk, K. (2021). Pan Africa News, 28(1), 8–11.

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Sparse evidence for Giardia intestinalis, Cryptosporidium spp. and Microsporidia infections in humans, domesticated animals, and wild nonhuman primates sharing a farm–forest mosaic landscape in western Uganda

Cibot, M., McLennan, M.R., Kváč, M., Sak, B., Asiimwe, C., & Petrželková K.J. (2021). Pathogens, 10(8), 933. 

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Notes on morphology and life history of Probstmayria gombensis (Nematoda: Cosmocercoidea: Atractidae), parasitic in eastern chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii, in Bulindi, Uganda

Hasegawa, H., McLennan, M.R., Huffman, M.A., & Matsuura, K. (2021). Journal of Parasitology, 107 (2), 155–162.

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Surviving at the extreme: chimpanzee ranging is not restricted in a deforested human-dominated landscape in Uganda

McLennan, M.R., Hintz, B., Kiiza, V., Rohen, J., Lorenti, G.A., & Hockings, K.J. (2021). African Journal of Ecology, 59(1), 17–28.

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Atypically high reproductive skew in a small wild chimpanzee community in a human-dominated landscape

McCarthy, M.S., Lester, J.D., Cibot, M., Vigilant, L., & McLennan, M.R. (2020). Folia Primatologica, 91(6), 688–696

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Forest fragments become farmland: dietary response of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) to fast‐changing anthropogenic landscapes

McLennan, M. R., Lorenti, G. A., Sabiiti, T., & Bardi, M. (2020). American Journal of Primatology, 82(4), e23090.

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‘Customary’ use of stick tools by chimpanzees in Bulindi, Uganda: update and analysis of digging techniques from behavioural observations

McLennan, M.R., Rohen, J., Satsias, Z., Sabiiti, T., Baruzaliire, J.-M., & Cibot, M. (2019). Revue de Primatologie, 10.

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Digging for clues: stick tools used for honey digging in a second community of ‘forest fragment chimpanzees’ outside the Budongo and Bugoma Forests, Uganda

McLennan, M.R., Lorenti, G.A., Mugenyi, S., Muganzi, J., & Rohen, J. (2019). Revue de Primatologie, 10.

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Death of a trapped chimpanzee: survival and conservation of great apes in unprotected agricultural areas of Uganda

Cibot, M., Le Roux, S., Rohen, J., & McLennan, M.R. (2019). African Primates, 13, 47–56.

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Infant carrying by a wild chimpanzee father at Bulindi, Uganda

Cibot, M., McCarthy, M.S., Lester, J.D., Vigilant, L., Sabiiti, T., & McLennan, M.R. (2019). 

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Are human-dominated landscapes stressful for wild chimpanzees? 

McLennan, M.R., Howell, C.P., Bardi, M., & Heistermann, M. (2019). Biological Conservation, 233 (May 2019), 73–82.

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Genetic analysis suggests dispersal among chimpanzees in a fragmented forest landscape in Uganda

McCarthy, M.S., Lester, J.D., Langergraber, K.E., Stanford, C.B., Vigilant, L. (2018).
American Journal of Primatology

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Tie one on: 'nest tying' by wild chimpanzees at Bulindi -- a variant of a universal great ape behavior?

McLennan, M.R. (2018), Primates

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Zoonotic enterobacterial pathogens detected in wild chimpanzees

McLennan, M.R., Mori, H., Mahittikorn, A., Prasertbun, R., Hagiwara, K., & Huffman, M.A. (2018), EcoHealth

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Two cases of chimpanzees interacting with dead animals without food consumption at Bulindi, Uganda

Cibot, M., Sabiiti, T., & McLennan, M.R. (2017).
Hoima District, Pan Africa News, 24(1), 6–8.

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Gastrointestinal parasite infections and self-medication in wild chimpanzees surviving in degraded forest fragments within an agricultural landscape mosaic in Uganda

McLennan, M.R., Hasegawa, H., Bardi, M., Huffman, M.A. (2017), PLoS ONE, 12(7), e0180431.

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The implications of primate behavioral flexibility for sustainable human–primate coexistence in anthropogenic habitats

McLennan, M.R., Spagnoletti, N. and Hockings, K.J. (2017). International Journal of Primatology, 38(2), 105–121.

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Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) flexibly use introduced species for nesting and bark feeding in a human-dominated habitat

McCarthy, M. S., Lester, J. D., & Stanford, C. B. (2017). International Journal of Primatology.

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Nutritional characteristics of wild and cultivated foods for chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in agricultural landscapes

McLennan, M.R. and Ganzhorn, J.U. (2017). International Journal of Primatology.

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The primatologist as social actor

Hill, C.M. & McLennan, M.R. (2016). Etnográfica, 20(3), 668–671.

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Molecular features of hookworm larvae (Necator spp.) raised by coproculture from Ugandan chimpanzees and Gabonese gorillas and humans

Hasegawa, H., Shigyo, M., Yanai, Y., McLennan, M.R., Fujita, S., Makouloutou, P., Tsuchida, S., Ando, C., Satoh, H., Huffman, M.A. (2017). Parasitology International, 66(2), 12–15.

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Problematic primate behaviour in agricultural landscapes: Chimpanzees as ‘pests’ and ‘predators’

Hockings, K.J., McLennan, M.R. (2016). In: Waller, M.T. (Ed.). Ethnoprimatology: Primate Conservation in the 21st Century. Springer: Switzerland, pp. 137–156.

Cars kill chimpanzees: case report of a wild chimpanzee killed on a road at Bulindi

McLennan, M.R. and Asiimwe, C. (2016). Uganda. Primates, 57(3), 377–388

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Strongyloides infections of humans and great apes in Dzanga-Sangha Protected Areas, Central African Republic and in degraded forest fragments in Bulindi, Uganda

Hasegawa, H., Kalousova, B., McLennan M.R., Modry, D., Profousova-Psenkova, I., Shutt-Phillips, K.A., Todd, A., Huffman, M.A., Petrzelkova, K.J. (2016). Parasitology International, 65(5), 367–370.

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The Aggressive apes? Causes and contexts of great ape attacks on humans

McLennan, M.R. & Hockings, K.J. (2016).
In: Problematic Wildlife: A Cross-Disciplinary Approach, ed. F.M. Angelici. Springer: New York, pp. 373–394.

Genetic censusing identifies an unexpectedly sizeable population of an endangered large mammal in a fragmented forest landscape

McCarthy, M. S., Lester, J. D., Howe, E. J., Arandjelovic, M., Stanford, C. B., & Vigilant, L. (2015). BMC Ecology, 15(1), 21.

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Changing agricultural practices and human-chimpanzee interactions: tobacco and sugarcane farming in and around Bulindi

McLennan, M.R. & Hill, C.M. (2015). Uganda. In: State of the Apes. Volume II: Industrial Agriculture and Ape Conservation, ed. Arcus Foundation. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, pp. 29–31.

Molecular identification of Oesophagostomum spp. from ‘village’ chimpanzees in Uganda and their phylogenetic relationship with those of other primates

Ota, N., Hasegawa, H., McLennan M.R., Kooriyama, T., Sato, H., Pebsworth, P.A. and Huffman, M.A. (2015), Royal Society Open Science, 2(11), 150471.

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Is honey a fallback food for wild chimpanzees or just a sweet treat?

McLennan, M.R. (2015). American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 158(4), 685–695.

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Apes in the Anthropocene: flexibility and survival

Hockings K.J., McLennan M.R., Carvalho, S., Ancrenaz M., Bobe, R., Byrne, R., Dunbar, R.I.M., Matsuzawa, T., McGrew, W.C., Williamson, E.A., Wilson, M.L., Wood, B., Wrangham, R.W. and Hill, C.M. (2015). Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 30(4), 215–222. 

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Wild chimpanzees show group differences in selection of agricultural crops

McLennan, M.R. and Hockings, K.J. (2014).
Scientific Reports, 4, 5956. 

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Chimpanzee insectivory in the northern half of Uganda’s Rift Valley: do Bulindi chimpanzees conform to a regional pattern?

McLennan, M.R. (2014). Primates, 55(2), 173–178.

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Ethical issues in the study and conservation of an African great ape in an unprotected, human-dominated landscape in western Uganda

McLennan, M.R. and Hill, C.M. (2013). In: Ethics in the Field: Contemporary Challenges, ed. J. MacClancy and A. Fuentes. Oxford: Berghahn, pp. 42–66.

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Diet and feeding ecology of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in Bulindi, Uganda: foraging strategies at the forest–farm interface

McLennan, M.R. (2013). International Journal of Primatology, 34(3), 585–614.

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Chimpanzees in mantraps: lethal crop protection and conservation in Uganda

McLennan, M.R., Hyeroba, D., Asiimwe, C., Reynolds, V. and Wallis, J. (2012). Oryx, 41(4), 598–603.

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Running the risk: road-crossing behavior in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in an anthropogenic habitat in Uganda.

Tellier, M., Druelle, F., Cibot, M., Baruzaliire, J., Sabiiti, T., & McLennan, M. R. (2025). American Journal of Primatology, 87(2), e70000.

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High frequency of leaf-swallowing and its relationship to intestinal parasite expulsion in ‘village’ chimpanzees at Bulindi, Uganda

McLennan, M.R. and Huffman, M.A. (2012). American Journal of Primatology, 74(7), 642–650.

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Troublesome neighbours: Changing attitudes towards chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in a human-dominated landscape in Uganda

McLennan, M.R. and Hill, C.M. (2012). Journal for Nature Conservation, 20(4), 219–227.

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From forest to farm: systematic review of cultivar feeding by chimpanzees – management implications for wildlife in anthropogenic landscapes

Hockings, K.J. and McLennan, M.R. (2012). PLoS ONE, 7(4), e33391.

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Protected apes, unprotected forest: composition, structure and diversity of riverine forest fragments and their conservation value in Uganda.

McLennan, M.R. and Plumptre, A.J. (2012). Tropical Conservation Science, 5(1), 79–103.

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Preliminary observations of hand-clasp grooming by chimpanzees at Bulindi, Uganda

McLennan, M.R. (2011). Pan Africa News, 18(2), 18–20.

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Tool-use to obtain honey by chimpanzees at Bulindi: new record from Uganda

McLennan, M.R. (2011). Primates 52, 315–322.

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Chimpanzee responses to researchers in a disturbed forest–farm mosaic at Bulindi, western Uganda

McLennan, M.R. and Hill, C.M. (2010). American Journal of Primatology, 72, 907–908.

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Case study of an unusual human–chimpanzee conflict at Bulindi, Uganda

McLennan, M.R. (2010). Pan Africa News, 17(1), 1–4.

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Beleaguered chimpanzees in the agricultural district of Hoima, western Uganda

McLennan, M.R. (2008). Primate Conservation, 23, 45–54.

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